Oration vs. Peroration

Speech versus Lecture Speech versus Lecture Speech versus Lecture By Maeve Maddox The Chicago Manual of Style cautions cautious authors to abstain from confounding the words speech and discourse: A lecture, carefully, is the finish of a (discourse). Cautious authors abstain from utilizing discourse to allude to an awakening discourse or text. In its explanatory sense, a talk is the closing piece of a discourse expected to bring everything together and awaken the crowd to some activity. He[concluded] his discourse with a lecture whose reason for existing was to remind the crowd that he was among the couple of Republicans with a conceivable shot at possessing the White House. Close to the finish of the discourse, King withdrew from his readied text for a mostly ad libbed talk on the topic I have a fantasy The articulation â€Å"a energizing peroration† in the feeling of â€Å"a blazing speech,† is to be dodged, if for no other explanation than it’s a clichã ©. In different settings, nonetheless, the word lecture has been utilized since the fifteenth century to allude to an entire discourse or expression. Shakespeare utilized talk in 1591 as an equivalent word for talk: Nephew, what implies this enthusiastic talk, †¨This lecture with such condition? †¨For France, tis our own; and we will keep it still. â€Henry VI, Part II, I.i, 111. Later essayists, including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sinclair Lewis, Mark Twain, and F. Scott Fitzgerald, all pre-owned discourse to allude to remarks other than the finishing up some portion of a speech. In the accompanying model from late news thing, talk alludes to a discourse and not to the closing piece of a discourse: At the point when the de Blasios showed up a short while after 10, the competitor gave a concise talk to the social event outside, which most likely numbered more than one hundred. Positively it would be a blunder to talk about â€Å"the discourses of Pericles† if what is implied are â€Å"the addresses of Pericles.† But while the utilization of lecture as an equivalent word for discourse may be fairly viewed as unnatural expression, it’s not an event for criticize. Calling a politician’s whistle stop discourse a lecture is no more terrible than utilizing obliterate to mean â€Å"to slaughter a vague number of people† on the grounds that the word’s â€Å"real† importance is â€Å"to execute one in ten.† Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Storyâ€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†Dealing With A Character's Internal Thoughts

Epicyon - Facts and Figures

Epicyon - Facts and Figures Name: Epicyon (Greek for in excess of a canine); articulated EPP-ih-SIGH-on Environment: Fields of North America Authentic Epoch: Center Late Miocene (15-5 million years back) Size and Weight: Around five feet in length and 200-300 pounds Diet: Meat Recognizing Characteristics: Enormous size; quadrupedal stance; large feline like head About Epicyon Perhaps the biggest ancient canine that at any point lived, Epicyon was a genuine canid, having a place with a similar general family as wolves, hyenas and present day hounds and was accordingly an alternate monster inside and out from the non-canid creodont vertebrates (epitomized by the goliath Sarkastodon) that administered the North American fields for many years before the Miocene age. The biggest types of Epicyon said something the area of 200 to 300 pounds-as much as, or more than, a full-developed humanand it had strangely incredible jaws and teeth, which made its head look more like that of a major feline than a pooch or wolf. Be that as it may, scientistss dont think a lot about Epicyons taking care of habits:â this megafauna mammalâ may have pursued alone or in packs, and it might even have remained alive solely on effectively dead cadavers, likeâ a present day hyena. Epicyon is known by three species, which were all found in western North America over the span of the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years. The lightest variation, Epicyon saevus, was named by the renowned American scientist Joseph Leidy, and for a period was delegated a types of Aelurodon; grown-ups just weighed around 100 pounds completely developed. E. haydeni was additionally named by Leidy, and has been synonymized with Aelurodon, yet with the much increasingly darken Osteoborus and Tephrocyon also; this was the biggest Epicyon species, gauging in excess of 300 pounds. The latest expansion to the Epicyon family, E. aelurodontoides, was found in Kansas in 1999; you can guess by its species name that it was additionally close family to Aelurodon!

The Stars Look Very Different Today

The Stars Look Very Different Today When I was fifteen, in the summer between tenth and eleventh grades, I spent three weeks at nerd camp. I was what multiple exes have described as too goddamn independent and my mother, much as I love her, was a wee bit very overprotective. The program satisfied her need to have me in a rigorous academic environment and my need to be really, really far away from home for a bit. One afternoon that summer, while about eight of us were hanging out in one persons room after class, someone put on David Bowies Space Oddity. Everyone in the room sang along to the entire song as loudly as they could â€" except me, having never heard it before because eh, who cares why? Its not central to this story. I listened and watched as this happened, amazed at how well a single song had made everyone around me feel like maybe maybe mayyyyyybe they finally werent the only oddball around anymore. This happened at least three more times before the end of the program. By the fourth time, I could sing along with everyone else straight through. On Monday morning, my Facebook feed featured three different people from that room saying, Planet Earth is blue, and theres nothing I can do. When I was seventeen, about a month after coming to MIT, my friend Hanna 10 and I started a radio show at the campus station, WMBR. That show is now in its tenth year; Hannas gone off to New York for grad school, but Im stuck around because my jobs have been here, my med school is here, and they havent kicked me off the air yet. Sometme around 2010, we played David Bowies Oh! You Pretty Things during a set. (Or 2009? 2011? Ive been doing this a while, hes my third-most played artist, and the exact year is not important to this story.) Someone called us about thirty seconds in and said, Yeah, I have a request? We can help you out! I replied. Just give us a second. Weve gotta take care of something. Without putting the line on hold, I placed the receiver on the counter and Hanna and I sang at full volume into the middle of the soundproof control room: Ohhhhhh youuuuu pretty thiiiiiings Dont you knowwwwww youre driiiiivin your maaaaamas and papas insaaaaane LET ME MAKE IT PLAIN GOTTA MAKE WAY FOR THE HOMO SUPERIO-HOOOR! I picked up the receiver again and said, thanks for holding! What can we play for you? The caller said, After that? Nothing. Thats better than the thing I was gonna ask for. Between Monday morning and now, David Bowie has been played on WMBR 126 times on 28 different shows by 24 different people. They are students, staff members, alumni, and members of the Boston community. They are between their teens and their sixties. They are DJs. They are what they play. When I was nineteen, in October of my junior year, I was learning to live with somebodys depression. (I did not want to live with somebodys depression.) Towers in Senior House threw its annual Glam Rock party, a reliable excuse to order an obscene quantity of glitter from Oriental Trading, put on your red shoes, and dance the blues. Every year by 1 AM, everyone in the suite is just hugging everyone else in the room and singing along to Five Years. There was a moment during Glam Rock 08 when we were listening to the middle third of Diamond Dogs; Sweet Thing into Candidate into Sweet Thing (Reprise) is eight glorious minutes of music that should really just be listened to straight through. (I have subjected my listeners to this on the air several times.) I suggest we all just take the time to do that right now. Ill wait. On this evening, someone co-opted the speakers midway through Candidate to put on a Mott the Hoople track. (Or Roxy Music? Or Mick Ronson? Or even another Bowie song? Surprise: the exact song aint relevant to this story.) WHAT?! COME ON, I said, at the same time as a single other person in the room. Someone else understood what sacrilege this was. On Monday morning, I sent Dan 04 an email that read, in its entirety, Sweet Thing Candidate Sweet Thing. Were both feeling pretty down this week. Sometime between Monday evening and Tuesday morning, these appeared in and outside Lobby 7:       (photo credit: Petey) It would not be a stretch to say that David Bowie would have fit in at MIT pretty well. His 50 years of creative work repeatedly said something the people here also tend to believe: It is okay to be the weird kid in the room. You are not the only weird kid in the room. You do not have to hide the things about you that make you the weird kid in the room. Tell me your David Bowie stories, and feel free to rock and roll with me while you do it.

Three Ways of Doing Sociology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 568 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Sociology Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Study Essay Did you like this example? Essay Question #1 (Chapter 2 #2) There are three ways to do sociology, the first being positivist sociology which is â€Å"the study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior† (Macionis 31). The second is interpretive sociology which is â€Å"the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world† (Macionis 36). The third way to do sociology is critical sociology this is â€Å"the study of society the focuses on the need for social change† (Macionis 36). They all focus on the main idea of studying society but differ in the way they go about studying it. The approach Durkheim used most often was positivist sociology. This sociology is used based on the fact that there is an objective reality that exists. This method likes to have things to actually measure and usually done in a lab. They have to define the concepts for their experiments and out into place what variables and controls they will use. Most sociologists that use this method go for the cause and effect aspect of society. These sociologists try putting aside their beliefs and attitudes to keep them from interfering with their results which is called objectivity (34). The limitations to this method are: 1. Human behavior is too complex for sociologists to predict any individual’s actions precisely. 2. Because humans respond to their surroundings, the presence of a researcher may affect the behavior being studied. 3. Social patterns vary; what is true in one time or place may not hold true to another. 4. Because sociologists are a part of the social world they study, they can never be 100 percent value-free when conducting social research. (Macionis 35) This method is still used widely in current day society and sociologists use replication to try to limit these issues from happening too often. The approach that best describes Weber’s work in the study of sociology is the interpretive sociology. This me thod is based on people’s understandings of their actions and surroundings not on what they do. Reality is subjective in this method. Sociologists that use this method find it more important to base their results on interacting with others and making sense of their everyday life (36). Marx’s work is best described as the critical sociology way of exploring society. In this approach sociologists focus on the social need for change (36). They ask moral and political questions and try to change society to fit into their mold of what it should be. They do not use the objectivity rule as much in this approach. It is always trying to show how society should be improved and changed to match their beliefs and morals (37). A similarity in all three is that they are studying how society works and why it works the way it does. I honestly have looked at society from all three points view since studying this more. I personally tend to gravitate towards the interpretive approach as most of us do I am sure. It is so easy to look at society and depending on their actions show the meanings people attach to their world. To reiterate the three ways to approach sociology are positivist, interpretive and critical. They each have their strong points and their faults it really depends on what you really want to study about society and peoples social behavior on which you choose to use. Works Cited Macionis, John J. Sociology. 13th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2010. Three Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Three Ways of Doing Sociology" essay for you Create order

An Objective Of Mission Television Advertising Campaign Essay

Objective of Campaign The main objective of Mission Television’s advertising campaign will be to effectively complete one mail goal. The number one goal that the company will aim for in this first round of adverting will be to deliver informative advertisements to allow viewers, audience, and fans to learn more about the Mission Television brand, its services, and what the company is all about. This informative advertising will tell potential consumer and others within the marketplace about the product, explain how it works, provide pricing and product information, and will help the organization to build awareness for the product as well as the company. The brand image of the product and the company will be compatible and complementary to send the best message possible to the market. Mission Televisions advertising campaign should offer enough information to consumers to motivate them consumer to take some sort of action, whether that be researching the company more, stopping by a store location, or signing up for Mission Television services. Grand Opening Overview The Mission Television Organization will officially host its grand opening celebration at their headquarters on April 29, 2017. The main celebration will begin at 10:00 am on Saturday Morning and will go until 6:00pm that evening. The celebration will feature a cookout, with burgers, hotdogs, sausages, pulled pork, steak and cheeses, and many other food options. There will be family friendly, and adult drinksShow MoreRelatedGrafica Inc Case1688 Words   |  7 PagesSUMMARY Grafica Inc. was an advertising firm started my Ms Debra Taeschler in 1986 with her colleague, working in Landmark Associates and her husband John Taeschler. By 1998 Grafica had grown in full-service advertising agency. It was located in Chester New Jersey and it was particularly well-known for its expertise in integrated marketing approach to customer relationship management and its expertise in using digital technologies in marketing communications and advertising. In 1999 the Grafica wasRead MorePlan The Integration Of Promotional Strategy For A Business Or Product Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesCarry out the development of a promotional plan for a business or product. LO- 4.4: Use appropriate techniques for measuring campaign effectiveness. The personal care brand CINTHOL started 1952, in India as a first deodorant and complexion soap brand by Godrej. The philosophy of CINTHOL has summarized in the word â€Å"Alive is Awesome†. With this motto, CINTHOL mission is giving people incredible experience any other sides of the world. CINTHOL been endorsing with the celebrities like Imran KhanRead MoreTOMS Shoes Public Relations Campaign1021 Words   |  5 PagesTOMS Shoes PR Campaign Table of Contents Situation Analysis 2 Critical Issues 2 Core Problem 3 Campaign Goal 3 Objectives 3 References 4 TOMS shoes was founded by Blake Mycoskie in 2006 based on the simple line: One for One. With every pair of shoes purchased, TOMS will give a new pair of shoes to a child in need. The TOMS mission statement translates to utilizing the individual consumer’s buying power in order to benefit the greater good of the world. The TOMS mission statement transformsRead MoreRed Bull Energy Drink1672 Words   |  7 Pagescustomers. While different departments such as sales, direct mail and advertising can help each other through Data Integration. This requires a marketing information system which collects and shares relevant data across different departments. 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The company dominates the performance apparel category. According to Founder Kevin Plank, â€Å"The mission of Under Armour is to make technically advanced products that are engineered with superior fabric construction, to provide proven innovation available to the masses-aimed at making athletes perform better† (UnderArmour.com). Under Armour uses many marketing initiatives including athlete endorsement, product placement,Read MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing Concepts1131 Words   |  5 PagesIn this Reebok company I talk about a Promotion of a product that how a company promotes his brand. Vision statement: Continue bring inspiration to present and future athletes, while maintaining the company standard of quality for its product. Mission statement: At Reebok, we see the world a little differently and throughout our history have made our mark when we have the courage to challenge conventions. 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The Importance of French Education for Engineers Free Essays

French education for engineers is significantly different from that of the United States. This fact will be the topic of this paper as well as the sequencing of French education. There are four schools in France that provide for the bulk of the engineering education after high school. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of French Education for Engineers or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are called National Instituts For Applied Sciences or INSA. These institutions are very comprehensive and high level. The National Instituts For Applied Sciences or INSA take students who have completed their secondary school studies and select them on the basis of their examination results and their academic records. The recruitment is highly selective. In 1991, 11,000 candidates with a science baccalaureat applied for about 1,200 places.[1] It is therefore obvious, that the INSAs attract students with a high level of scientific education in mathematics, physics and chemistry. The studies begin with a two-year basic study program in the Premier Cycle, which is comprised of general science courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanics and computer science. These courses are also complimented with courses in the Liberal Arts. The students who pass the first and second year exams are admitted to the Engineering Departments where they continue their studies for three additional years. This enables the students to specialize in nearly all the different engineering sciences: computer studies, mechanics, physics, chemistry and biochemistry. One original aspect of the INSAs is that, the number of students in a department can vary depending on the state of employment prospects. All the INSAs train their students according to the same principles and curricula as the other four institutions. The First cycle is a two-year program of common core classes that welcomes secondary school graduates. Its goal is to prepare students for entry into one of the Institute’s specialized departments. The initial qualifications of those who apply for admission to INSA guarantee the high quality of the students: 80% of them graduate in 5 years and 5% in 6 years. [1] Engineering studies start concurrently with the first year of their training. After a two-year preparatory phase, the first cycle begins putting an ambitious regiment into place. The goal of this regiment is, first of all, to give students the common scientific, technical, and liberal arts training necessary for all departments. In order to achieve this goal, course work is divided into modules that are independent of each other. The second goal of the regiment is to encourage students to make the transition from high school student to a responsible higher level student with clearly defined professional goals. As a result of the quality of these different goals, the first cycle plays an important role in both engineering sciences as well as the liberal arts through both years. EURINSA is another two-year European first cycle in engineering studies that has, since 1991, been training European students (including French students) to be part of an international team. The scientific training, conducted in French but adapted to engineering students from different backgrounds (language abilities), allows the students to enroll in any one of the four INSAs in France or even in one of their European counter parts. The program is open to approximately 100 students (at each institution) of whom 1/3 are French, 1/3 are from other European countries, and 1/3 from Central and Eastern Europe.[3] The INSAs produce highly qualified engineers. There are some main differences between studying at an INSA and in the universities of the other European countries. One difference is that French students specialize only at the end of the first two years (the â€Å"Premier Cycle†). This form of training provides them with a vast scientific background, which guarantees a good overall training in the engineering sciences. This method also allows them to change their area of concentration, if necessary during the course of their career. As the INSAs and the â€Å"Grandes Ecoles† are highly selective, very few students drop out during the Premier Cycle whereas, in the traditional university system, there is a high dropout rate or at least a decision to change their course of study. Unlike the University system, the students at an INSA have many general courses. Although all European countries announce a training scheme which lasts approximately 5 years, the fact that attendance is not 100% and that students are permitted to repeat years, means that becoming a qualified engineer could take two or three years longer.[3] Engineering training fields and engineer status differ widely among countries. In other European Countries as well as the United States for example, the seemingly simple problem of correspondence among degrees, not to mention equivalence, is far from being solved, and the notion of harmonizing the numerous systems does not seem realistic. Educational system’s specification’s are deeply rooted in the country’s culture, industry and economy. Large discrepancies appear in Europe between: kinds of high-school studies and their length before college entrance, means of student recruitment, length of training (in terms of number of years of study), degree awarding, academic recognition, professional recognition, etc. In many countries, two engineer profiles coexist: a design engineer with a broad background training, and a production and application engineer. For each profile, there are nevertheless important national particulars. With such diversity, one may understand why a foreign candidate admission in a French engineering college does not assume automatic level equivalence rules. Instead results from various factors: number of study years, major and minor fields of studies, major projects, etc. Therefore, there is only one European general objective in this area, dealing with recognizing degrees obtained after at least three higher education years. These are valued for entrance in professions having regulated access. Because of this definite lack of equivalence standards, Europeans have decided to develop student and professional mobility by recognizing and validating studies engaged in at colleges in other countries . This process has strongly developed in some cases, through the development of programs leading to double degrees, or through the E.C.T.S. project (European Credit Transfer System), based on academic credits which are transferable within higher education institutions of the European Union.[3] Institutions wishing to participate in E.C.T.S., particularly those following non-university framework, must make great efforts to adapt. They have to reorganize their training programs or curriculum with credit hours and they have to use a universal grading scale. The University of Technology of Compiegne (UTC) was the first French engineering school to engage in ECTS in the field of mechanical engineering. Other schools, like INSA of Lyon have more recently done the same. Apart from this very structured system, recognition of study periods among institutions from several countries appears more and more to be an essential component of an international open policy. Partnership agreements exist also with American universities, for instance between the Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine and Kansas State University and University of Wisconsin at Madison. Developing this practice and expanding the student exchanges depends on firm relationships between foreign schools. A new attitude has developed, where one takes notice of differences between systems, without making value judgements. Thus, these new relations are creating more awareness of the equivalence problem and providing better methods for rectification. The École Polytechnique constitutes the â€Å"graduate schools.† It takes 2 to 3 years of study and, in 1993, there were 46,000 students enrolled in the second cycle.[3] Each year, the École Polytechnique admits slightly more than 400 students into the Second Cycle, via traditional competitive examinations.[4] These students are of both sexes, may be either French or foreign, and are approximately 21 years old. The instructional program for the Second Cycle consists of two years of advanced courses in the fundamental sciences. The program is evenly divided between a core curriculum, and an elective curriculum that includes individual research projects. All students follow the core curriculum, which includes courses in pure and applied mathematics, computer science, mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology and economics. The core curriculum also includes courses in the humanities and social sciences, as well as in several modern languages. Upon successful completion of these two years, students are awarded the diploma of Ingenieur de l’École Polytechnique. Relatively few of them begin their careers upon graduation. The vast majority of graduates choose to follow their studies with specialized training in engineering or business administration, or with the preparation of a doctoral degree. The French nationals, in view of the obligations of their status as polytechniciens, may choose to pursue technical training in France, at one of its engineering schools (such as the École des Mines, the École des Ponts et Chaussees, or the École des Telecommunications) They complete their last two years of education, and receive the corresponding Diplome d’Ingenieur. Since 1996, French nationals have undertaken such training at foreign institutions, in Europe, America or Asia: they have a choice among 100 different instructional programs, at 29 foreign institutions, leading to an Engineering degree or a Masters of Applied Science or Engineering, depending on the institution selected.[3] These programs generally require between two and two and a half years. Special arrangements with the École facilitate admission to some of these institutions. After research training in France or at a foreign university, engineering school, or public or private research center, approximately four years, they obtain a doctoral degree, a Ph.D. or a similar degree in a basic or applied science. For business studies abroad, after several years of practical experience, they earn an MBA degree at one of seven institutions. Foreign students may undertake specialized training or prepare dissertations at institutions of their choice, including, of course, their home institutions. The past shows, however, that they tend to favor the programs offered to their French classmates. In any case, the École attempts to arrange that the two years of study at Palaiseau be properly validated in the programs of the students’ home universities. Foreign students are entitled to the same agreements as those offered to French nationals. The École Polytechnique’s Second Cycle in the fundamental sciences together with a specialization acquired at another first class institution, represents a training that is proving to be in particular demand in today’s economic market place. Indeed, each year large corporations come forward with expressions of their needs and suggestions as to where they believe the necessary applied training may best be obtained. How to cite The Importance of French Education for Engineers, Papers

Trains Running (August Wilson) Essays (595 words) -

Trains Running (August Wilson) Trains Running (August Wilson) P.565 Memphis The owner of the diner is waiting for his chance to go back south, and he knows that they got two trains running every day. Wolf A numbers runner who sometimes uses the diner as his office. Risa The diner's waitress and cook. Holloway A regular who speaks out against the constant oppression of African Americans. Sterling Just released from jail, he needs to find a way to make a living. Hambone A man who stands up for what he believes he deserves. West The only wealthy man on stage owns the funeral home across the street. Two Trains Running, set in 1969, is August Wilson's most contemporary play to date. Like most of his plays, it unfolds in a single location--a diner in Pittsburgh. Memphis, the diner's owner, is struggling to get a fair price from the city which is buying up the entire eighborhood for purposes of urban renewal. Memphis' observation that the neighborhood has been emptied of its commercial and human activities gives an ironic and grim spin to urban renewal in particular and the progress of African Americans general. The play asks the question: In the midst of unemployment, death, and a white power structure allowing few alternative, where do you look for salvation. Do you turn to Christianity, as embodies in the wealthy but deceased Prophet Samuel, or do you return to an older African spirituality embodied by the impossibly aged Aunt Ester? Perhaps salvation lays with Malcolm X and the black power movement, or with Wolf and the numbers game of a white Mafia. A host of tragic figures inhabit the diner. Memphis' struggle with the city is essential to his fate of returning south to get back the land cruel taken from his by white men. Sterling--just out of prison--is stymied in his attempts to, by any means possible, support himself. Risa, the waitress, has scarred her legs in an attempt to escape the prison of physical beauty. Finally, perhaps a symbol of them all, is Hambone. Tens years ago he painted the grocer's fence, but was paid a chicken when he felt he had earned a ham. Every day for ten years he has confronted the grocer, requesting and demanding his ham, until by now the only phrases he utters are I want my ham. and He gonna give me my ham. August Wilson's 1992 play Two Trains Running is, in effect, a kinder, gentler version of Spike Lee's film Do the Right Thing. Both address racial tension between blacks and whites in the inner city and the violence that can accompany it, but in the play, these social ills are heard and not seen. The cast of TheatreWorks' current production creates a well-realized, if insular, environment that allows the audience to connect the characters. Wilson has created a compelling story line for each individual, and the fact that most of the stories have happy endings doesn't seem contrived. On the contrary, their successes are representative of African Americans who broke through the color line during the civil rights movement. Even a character like , the diner owner who treats his lone waitress, Risa , as a personal servant, redeems himself through his fight to get the city to pay him what he wants for his building, which is due to be demolished. Memphis plans to use the money to return to Mississippi and confront the white man who ran him off his land decades ago. Memphis' story is at once heartrending and uplifting, as is Abdul-Rashid's reading of it. Philosophy

Persuasive Speech on Distractive Behavior Essays

Persuasive Speech on Distractive Behavior Essays Persuasive Speech on Distractive Behavior Essay Persuasive Speech on Distractive Behavior Essay Essay Topic: Persuasive Title: Distractive Behavior Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that distractive behavior while driving a car, which would include eating and taking on a cell phone, is dangerous and we need to learn to stop these activities. I. Introduction A. Attention-Getter: Automobiles have become the backbone of America, using them daily to transport us to and from point A to point B efficiently. B. Establishment of Ethos: I am certain that all of us have driven a car and on more than a few times while driving, you’ve eaten food, talked on cell phones and participated in what I call â€Å"Distractive Behavior. C. Preview of Main Points: My purpose is to show the dangers of participating in â€Å"Distractive Behaviors,† by giving examples and statistics and to hopefully get fellow drivers to reduce or cease these actions that put others in harms way. II. Need A. In today’s modern world, our lives are on a constant move and we have begun to use this time to do basic human needs such as applying makeup, eating and communicating. (Mcleod, Annette) 1. More than 20% of all automobile crashes are caused by driver distraction. Mcleod, Annette) 2. Cell phones are not all to blame. B. The need for change, when it comes to Distractive Behavior is non- Deniable, as it will only get worst as technology progresses. (Mcleod, Annette) III. Satisfaction A. While there are no clear-cut ways to rid the road of these dangerous behaviors, there are methods to deterring someone from participating in them. 1. In Columbus, GA, the local army base (Fort Benning) has banned the use of mobile phones while driving on post. 2. Stiff fines and penalty points towards the driver’s license would also be an incentive to hang up and drive. (Webster, Ben) B. Although it is impossible to completely kill some of these habits, like applying makeup and eating because it would be up to the driver to make the safer choice. IV. Visualization A. Try to visualize a road that is safer due to the fact that drivers are completely aware of surrounding and focusing all their attention the road before them. B. Some towns and states are putting in effect laws, which restrict/ ban cell phones while driving. It would be a dream to see these same laws spread across the country. V. Action A. We have all seen the accidents while driving down a road, but do you ever wonder how and why it happened. You can make a difference! 1. Hang up that cell phone. 2. Drive safer; eat your lunch at the house or in the office, not while driving to and from. B. If the people are not willing to hang up that call or put down that McDonald’s hamburger, laws could be put into effect, which would protect the driver and those around them. . Fines that gradually increase with each incidence can be put into effect. 2. Points on your driver’s license if the driver has broken the laws too many times would be another incentive. Mcleod, Annette. â€Å"Driven to Distraction. † 5 Aug 2007. 4 Nov. 2008 lexisnexis. com/ Webster, Ben. â€Å"Hands-free mobiles â€Å"just as dangerous† LexisNexis. 5 Apr. 2007. 4 Nov. 2008 lexisnexis. com/

Common Lacewings, Family Chrysopidae

Common Lacewings, Family Chrysopidae If youre a gardener, you are probably already familiar with the green lacewings. Members of the family Chrysopidae are beneficial insects whose larvae prey on soft-bodied pests, especially aphids. For this reason, common lacewings are sometimes called aphid lions. Description: The family name Chrysopidae derives from the Greek chrysos, meaning gold, and ops, meaning eye or face. Thats a pretty apt description of the common lacewings, most of which have copper-colored eyes. Lacewings in this group are nearly always green in body and wing color, so you may know them as the green lacewings, another common name. Adult lacewings have lacy wings, as you might have guessed, and they look transparent. If you place a Chrysopid wing under magnification, you should see short hairs along the edges and veins of each wing. Lacewings also have long, filiform antennae, and chewing mouthparts. Lacewing larvae look quite different from the adults. They have elongated, flattened bodies, which resemble tiny alligators. Theyre often brownish in color. Lacewing larvae also have large, sickle-shaped jaws, well designed for catching and devouring prey. Classification: Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – NeuropteraFamily - Chrysopidae Diet: Lacewing larvae feed on other soft-bodied insects or arachnids, including aphids, mealybugs, mites, and Lepidoptera eggs. As adults, lacewings may consume a more varied diet. Some adults are entirely predaceous, while others supplement their diet with pollen (genus Meleoma) or honeydew (genus Eremochrysa). Life Cycle: Common lacewings undergo complete metamorphosis, with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The life cycle varies in length according to species and environmental conditions. Most adults will live for 4-6 months. Before depositing an egg, the female lacewing produces a long, thin stalk, which she usually attaches to the underside of a leaf. She places an egg at the end of the stalk, so it is suspended from the plant. Some lacewings lay their eggs in groups, creating a small cluster of these filaments on a leaf, while others lay eggs singly. The filament is thought to provide some protection for the eggs, by keeping them out of reach of predators on the leaf surface. Generally, the larval stage may last several weeks, and usually requires three instars. Pupae may develop into adults in the safety of a silken cocoon attached to the underside of a leaf or on a stem, but some species pupate without a case. Common lacewings may overwinter as larvae, pupae, or adults, depending on the species. Some individuals are brown, rather than their usual green color, in the overwintering stage. Special Adaptations and Behaviors: In the larval stage, some species camouflage themselves by covering their bodies with debris (usually carcasses of their prey). Each time it molts, the larva must construct a new debris pile. Some lacewings will release a noxious, foul-smelling substance from a pair of glands on the prothorax when handled. Range and Distribution: Common or green lacewings may be found in grassy or weedy habitats, or on other foliage, worldwide. About 85 species inhabit North America, while over 1,200 species are known globally. Sources: Borror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonChrysopidae, University of California-Riverside, accessed December 7, 2012Family Chrysopidae - Green Lacewings, Bugguide.net, accessed December 7, 2012

Control & Co-ordination Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Control & Co-ordination - Assignment Example The central nervous system gathers information from the peripheral nervous system and analyzes it to create action, and later resends it to the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. These two divisions work together to ensure that the body is able to respond to different internal and external changes and environments. A simplified chart showing the organisation of the nervous system is as shown below (Brelt, 2003). The forebrain is responsible for receiving and processing of detailed and complex sensory information, thought, perceptions and language. The forebrain is the part of the brain that differentiates the human beings from other organisms. This part of the brain is comprised of the thalamus and the hypothalamus, the cerebrum and cerebral cortex. The thalamus is responsible for sorting and differentiating information and sending/relaying it to the different parts of the fore brain. The hypothalamus controls and monitors activities such as eating, drinking or sexual activity by affecting the endocrine system to produce hormones. The cerebrum forms the largest part of the forebrain and processes information, relaying it to the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is responsible for speech, grammar, mathematical abilities, non verbal emotions among others (Brelt, 2003). The midbrain is a link between the hind and fore parts of the brain. It relays information between the two brain parts and is responsible with auditory and visual responses such as hearing, sight, and sleep among others. This part of the brain, located just below the cerebral cortex is the smallest as compared to the forebrain and the hindbrain. The hindbrain is located at the rear of the skull and is comprised of the medulla oblongata, the cerebellum and the pons. The medulla oblongata controls activities such as breathing and posture whereas the

Murder of Santiago Nasar in Gabriel Garcia Marquez's Chronicle of a Essay

Murder of Santiago Nasar in Gabriel Garcia Marquez's Chronicle of a Death Foretold - Essay Example Since Santiago was responsible for Angela’s loss of virginity, his death would be expected to be caused by a member or members of the Vicario family; more precisely, Santiago Nasar was killed by two brothers, Pablo and Pedro, from the Vicario family.  Santiago Nasar was going to be killed according to Marquez (67). The two brothers from the Vicario family had vowed to avenge their sister’s virginity since it robbed their family of honor. A bishop’s visit to the town threw the events of the day into disarray and shifted the attention from the foretold murder. The bishop decided, at the last minute, to stay on the boat on which he had travelled rather than get in town. Santiago Nasar was a member of the ruling class, together with his friends’ family. The family of the narrator in the story was close friends with Santiago’s family, which gave the narrator the expectation that before the bishop left the town; he would have personally paid them a visi t. Everyone, for sometime forgets about the saga that involved the return of Angela to her home after the wedding. The Vicario brothers were going to kill Santiago. Except few people, almost all the dwellers of the town including the priest and the mayor were aware that two identical twin brothers, Pablo and Pedro Vicario, were in a mission to find Santiago Nasar with the intention of killing him (Marquez 163). Santiago Nasar remained unaware of the plot by Vicario brothers to kill him until the time they accosted and attacked him. The manner in which the story unfolds is inverted, hence does not give very clear evidence of the murder at first. The story unfolds backwards rather than forwards. The possible reasons for the murder, the circumstances surrounding the murder and the motivation behind it are traced. The evidence that the Vicario brothers were going to kill Santiago is built from the importance they give to accomplishing their revenge mission. Angela Vicario was married by Bayardo San Roman in a flamboyant wedding ceremony. Barely five hours later, Bayardo returned her to her parents. The consequences of not being a virgin were potentially dangerous, a fact that Angela was very much aware. She, in fact, wanted to stop the marriage knowing very well that there existed no love between them. The Vicarious family, were so much impressed by Bayardo’s wealth and were, therefore, opposed to the decision by their daughter to stop the marriage. Her brothers were particularly not pleased by the incident and had vowed to kill whoever had deflowered their sister. Bayardo did not love Angela and neither did she love him. Rather, Bayardo was excited about the idea of marrying a beautiful woman. Bayardo San Roman used the wedding ceremony as an excuse to show off the power and wealth he wielded. According to the narrator’s comment, Bayardo San Roman could marry any woman he wanted to. His wealth and power came from the fact that he had been born of a decorated hero, the only one to defeat Colonel Aureliano Buendia, in a civil war fought in the nineteenth century. Lack of love may not have been a reason good enough to stop the marriage between Angela Vicario and Bayardo San Roman. However, the fact that Angela had lost her virginity to somebody other than her proud husband, Bayardo, was a reason enough to make her return to

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Bleach

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Bleach Household bleach is a common commodity used by all income groups of India. This is mainly because of hot and humid climatic condition which left us with no other choice than white or light colour daily wear clothes. To maintain personal hygiene and attractive look within the available budget it is necessary to use bleaches. One question which bothered me quite often was, when so many bleach brands are accessible, which one is the best to buy and this gave me the idea to frame my research question Investigating the cost-effectiveness of various brands of chlorine-based bleaches containing sodium hypochlorite accessible in Indian Market Thus to determine the usefulness and effectiveness of the bleaches, it was worth calculating the concentration of free chlorine per rupee (Indian currency) spent. The different bleaches were selected and the concentration of the free chlorine was calculated using iodometric titration. The cost per rupee was calculated and comparison was done using statistical tools. After necessary calculations and comparison, it was concluded that the most cost-effective bleach is local bleach. Local bleach has maximum concentration of free chlorine per rupee spent. Although the moles of free chlorine in local bleach is just 0.276mol/dm3 while in that of rin and robin are 0.68mol/dm3 and 0.588mol/dm3 respectively. But the local bleach is quite cheaper to other bleaches. It costs 30 rupees/dm3 while Robin costs 66 rupees/dm3 and Rin costs 80 rupees/dm3. The concentration of free chlorine per rupee spent on bleach is 0.0092mol/dm3 while that of Rin bleach and Robin bleach is 0.0085mol/dm3 and 0.0089mol/dm3. Thus, I conclude that Local Bleach brand is the most cost-effective brand among the three available in India. INTRODUCTION: 1.1 Background As climate of India is hot and humid, people prefer to dress in light or white colour cloth. To keep them clean is a necessity for hygiene. Hence it requires daily washing and using bleach as the light colour fabric expose the stains more easily. When used in approved quantity and right way, bleach removes the nasty stains from white color fabric and brings back the brightness. Looking into Indian economy, it is not possible to buy dresses in large number by masses . Thus easy way out is the use of bleaches. So when I started looking for a topic for my extended essay, my intensions were very clear. I was looking for an area for investigation which will help me to fulfill my requirement to do an essay for my diploma and give me the dual benefit to help my countrymen to choose a better and cost effective bleach which is affordable by them. I have collected the three bleaches which were having the maximum sale in the market , two were branded viz., Rin and Robin and one was a local brand usually purchased by lower income group people. Bleach is a chemical that removes colors or whitens, often via oxidation. Common chemical bleaches include household chlorine bleach, a solution of approximately 3-6% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and oxygen bleach, which contains hydrogen peroxide or a peroxide-releasing compound such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium persulfate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, or urea peroxide together with catalysts and activators, e.g., tetraacetylethylenediamine and/or sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate.[1] There are other types of bleaches as well for example bleaches which hare used for the bleaching of wood pulp, fats and oils, cellulose, flour, textiles, bee wax, skin etc. the commonly used bleach for this purpose is chlorine dioxide and in a number of other industries. In the food industry, some organic peroxides(benzoyl peroxide,etc.) and other agents (e.g., bromates) are used as flour bleaching and maturing agents. Peracetic acid and ozone are used in the manufacture of paper products, especially newsprint and white Kraft paper.[2] But my investigation is related to household bleach used for removal of stains , which usually contain chlorine, though it often masquerades behind aliases such as sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorite.[3] Household bleach, used to whiten fabrics or remove mold from surfaces, is a 5% solution of a stabilized form of chlorine.[4] It is particularly effective on cotton fiber, which stains easily but bleaches well. Usually 50 to 250 ml of bleach per load is recommended for a standard-size washer. The properties of household bleach that make it effective for removing stains also result in cumulative damage to organic fibers such as cotton, and the useful lifespan of these materials will be shortened with regular bleaching. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) that is also found in household bleach (as noted later) causes fiber degradation as well. It is not volatile, and residual amounts of NaOH not rinsed out will continue slowly degrading organic fibers in the presence of humidity. For these reasons, if stains are localized, spot treatments should be considered whenever possible. With safety precautions, post-treatment with weak organic acids such as acetic acid (vinegar) will neutralize the NaOH, and volatilize the chlorine from residual hypochlorite. Old t-shirts and cotton sheets that rip easily demonstrate the cost s of laundering with household bleach. Hot water increases the activity of the bleach, owing to the thermal decomposition of hypochlorite which ultimately generates environmentally-undesirable chlorate.[5] Color in most dyes and pigments are produced by molecules, such as beta carotene, which contain chromophores. Chemical bleaches work in one of two ways: An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the chemical bonds that make up the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore, or contains a chromophore that does not absorb visible light. Reducing bleach works by converting double bonds in the chromophore into single bonds. This eliminates the ability of the chromophore to absorb visible light.[6] The chlorine based bleaches are oxidized bleach. These bleaches have an edge over reducing bleaches because they act as disinfectant as well. The process of bleaching can be summarized in the following set of chemical reactions: Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + HClO(aq) The H+ ion of the hypochlorous acid then dissolves into solution, and so the final result is effectively: Cl2 (aq) + H2O (l) 2H+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) + ClO-(aq) Hypochlorite tends to decompose into chloride and a highly reactive form of oxygen: ClO- Cl- +1/2 O2 This oxygen then reacts with organic substances to produce bleaching or antiseptic effects.[7] To begin my investigation I gathered information about brands of chlorine based bleach, its uses and its contents. From the information collected I found out that sodium hypochlorite is an active ingredient in bleaches. Sodium hypochlorite is the magical ingredient which removes stains from the clothes. So if I find out which bleach has the more concentration of sodium hypochlorite and is cheaper than other bleaches will be considered as the best bleach for Indian people. This observation led to my precise topic selection that is Investigating the cost-effectiveness of various brands of chlorine-based bleaches containing sodium hypochlorite accessible in Indian Market After selection of topic next obvious step was to find various methods available in literature and select for an appropriate method for the estimation of the sodium hypochlorite in the bleaches. Various methods available are discussed in the methodology section of my essay. The one I have selected is based on the fact that it is easy to do and also gives a fair estimation of the concentration of hypochlorite in the available laboratory conditions. 1.2 Methods to judge the cost effectiveness of Bleach Some of the methods available in literature for the estimation of concentration of sodium hypochlorite are discussed below: Method 1: One of the common methods is to add excess hydrogen peroxide to a measured amount of bleach. This will result in the formation of oxygen gas. The volume of the gas is collected over water and measured. This is then used to calculate the concentration of sodium hypochlorite in a house hold bleach sample. A few commercial bleaches in their containers, with prices, can be placed on a suitable tray, each with a 10 cm3 syringe and 250 cm3 beaker, both labeled, into which small samples of the bleach can be placed. Measure 5 cm3 of each bleach into their side-arm flask for each experiment. Small samples of the hydrogen peroxide solution could be collected in a 100 cm3 beaker. Bleaches liberate toxic chlorine gas on contact with acids. The chemical reaction involved is H2O2(aq) + NaOCl(aq) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) + O2(g) Direct comparison of volume of oxygen collected in the measuring cylinder can be used to compare the effectiveness of the bleach.[8] Method 2: Spectophotometric method has also been employed for the quantitative estimation of sodium hypochlorite in commercially available bleach solution. The method is based directly on the absorbance of hypochlorite in alkaline aqueous media. The other method takes advantage of the quantitative reaction of hypochlorite and ammonia in alkaline solution to form chloramine, which has a higher molar absorptivity.[9] Method 3: Another most common laboratory method is IODOMETRIC TITRATION. We can determine the OCl- ion content of a bleaching solution by reacting a known mass or volume of the solution with excess reducing agent, such as iodide ion (I-) in an acidic solution. OCl- (aq, colorless) + 2I-(aq, colorless) + 2H3O+(aq) -> I2(aq, brown) + Cl-(aq, colorless) + 3H2O(l) The reaction above proceeds to completion. Visible evidence of reaction is the change in the appearance of the solution from colorless to brown, due to the formation of iodine (I2). In the presence of excess I- ion, the amount of I2 formed is a measure of the amount of OCl- ion reacting. Then we determine the amount of I2 formed by titrating the I2 with a standard sodium thiosulfate solution (Na2S2O3). The titration reaction for this experiment is shown in the equation below. I2 (aq, brown) + 2 S2O3-2(aq, colorless) > 2I ­- + 2S4O3-2(aq, colorless) Thiosulfate ion is a reducing agent that reacts quantitatively with I2. The titration reaction is complete when the I2 formed from the reaction of OCl ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­- ion with I ­- ion is reconverted to I- ion by S2O3-2 ion. As the titration proceeds, the I2 concentration in the solution decreases. This causes the solution color to change from brown to pale yellow near the end of titration. The end point occurs when all the I2 has reacted and the solution is colorless. Because the change from yellow to colorless is not very distinct, establishing the end point of this final color change is difficult. We can make the end point more distinct by adding a small amount of starch solution to the titration mixture when the solution turns pale yellow. The unreacted I2 combines with the starch, forming a deep blue complex. The starch molecules tend to curl up into spirals and the hole formed is just the right size for the iodine molecules to fit in. Additional S2O3-2 ion reacts with the complex I2, causing a breakdown of the complex. Disappearance of the blue color signals the end point.[10] We can determine the concentration of OCl- ion in the solution. The moles of iodine in the solution are equal to moles of sodium hypochlorite. So then we can find out the concentration of OCl-. I have used the iodometric titration for my investigation because It is easy to carry it out in school laboratory conditions. Gas volume measurement often leads to more random errors in the measurements which ultimately affect the concentration calculations. Spectrophotometric methods are most reliable method but due to non availability of the instrument, I took the decision to stick to iodometric titration. 2. METHODOLOGY: 2.1 Hypothesis More the sodium thiosulfate used to titrate the solution more effective is the bleach at removing the stains. The bleach which has high concentration of sodium hypochlorite is better at removing stains then the bleach with less concentration of sodium hypochlorite. Based on Indian mentality, the expensive the bleach the better is it at removing the stains. The expensive brand should be more cost effective. 2.2 Selection of bleaches 3 different chlorine-based bleaches containing sodium hypochlorite which are easily available in Indian market. The first one is rin bleach which is thought to be the best bleach because it is expensive of all bleaches available in the market. It costs 40 Rs for 500 ml. The second bleach which I have taken is robin which costs 33 Rs for 500ml, a great competitor to RIN. And the third bleach which I have taken is bleach from a local brand which costs only 15Rs for 500ml. 2.3 Experiment 1 Make a soya bean solution using 17 grams of soyabean and dissolved up to 100 cm3 mark. Put three drops of the solution on a piece of cloth and using a syringe the amount of bleach required to remove the stain should be noted down. 2.4 Experiment 2 As told earlier I will be using titration with sodium thiosulfate for calculating the concentration of sodium thiosulfate in the bleaches. The method involves two main steps. Step 1: Standardizing the solution of sodium thiosulfate solution As sodium thiosulfate is not a primary standard, so it was standardized using a known concentration of potassium iodate KIO3 and the exact concentration of sodium thiosulfate was calculated. Approximately 8.00 ±0.01 grams of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3 5H2O) was taken a 100 cm3 beaker and dissolved by adding small amount of double distilled water. It was stirred using a glass rod till it was completely dissolved. Solution was transferred to 250 cm3 of standard flask carefully using a funnel. Solution was made up to the mark and mixed well by tilting the flask three times. A solution of potassium iodate, KIO3 (0.2 Mole/dm3) was prepared by dissolving 10.7 ±0.01 grams of KIO3 in 100 cm3 beaker and dissolving it in minimum amount of water and making the solution in 250 cm3 standard flask. Further 25.0 ±0.06 cm3 of KIO3 solution is pipette out using a 25.0 ±0.06 cm3 pipette and a pipette filler and poured in standard measuring flask and solution was made 250 cm3 using distilled water. Preparation of 1 mol/dm3 of sulfuric acid Take 55cm3 of 98% pure sulphuric acid in 100cm3 measuring flask. Now slowly pour this acid into 500cm3 of constantly stirred water in a beaker Now transfer this solution into 1dm3 conical flask and add water till the 1dm3 mark. Preparation of 10% potassium iodide Take 10grams of potassium iodide Dissolve it in 100cm3 solution Preparation of 2%starch indicator Take 2grams of starch Add little bit of cold water until a smooth paste is obtained Add 100cm3 of boiling water and stir Heat the solution until the solution is clear 25.0 ±0.06 cm3 of KIO3 solution is pipette out using a 25.0 ±0.06 cm3 pipette and a pipette filler and poured in conical flask. 10.00 ±0.05 cm3 of potassium iodide (10% w/v) is added to the flask using a measuring cylinder. To this solution 10 .00 ±0.05 cm3 of sulfuric acid (1 mol/dm3) is added to the flask using another measuring cylinder. Sodium thiosulfate is filled in 50.00 ±0.05 cm3 burette and added to the conical flask containing KIO3, KI and H2SO4solution till the solution in the conical flask turned pale yellow. 2 to 3 drops of starch solution (1% w/v) was added to the conical flask. The solution turned blue black. More sodium thiosulfate was added to the conical flask with constant swirling till the solution turned colorless. The final volume of thiosulfate solution added is recorded Three concordant readings are taken to have consistency in the recorded data Step 2: Titration of the different brands of bleaches using standardized solution of sodium thiosulfate. Thus calculating the concentration of sodium hypochlorite present in different brands of bleaches. Procedure: I have taken 25.0 ±0.06cm3 of Rin bleach using a pipette and pipette filler into 250cm3 graduated flask. To this water was added to make the solution up to 250cm3 mark. 25.0 ±0.06cm3 of the solution poured with the help of pipette into a conical flask and the same procedure as given above was repeated with RIN bleach followed by the other two bleaches, Robin and local brand. 3. Data collection and processing: 3.1 Finding out the concentration of Sodium Thiosulfate Standardization of sodium thiosulfate: Volume of potassium iodate taken in conical flask = 25.0 ±0.06 cm3 final burette reading / cm3 ±0.05cm3 20.10 19.90 20.00 initial burette reading / cm3 ±0.05cm3 0.00 0.00 0.00 volume of sodium thiosulfate used / cm3 ±0.1cm3 20.10 19.90 20.00 Average volume of sodium thiosulfate used = 20.00 cm3 Calculations: 25.0 cm3 of KIO3 solution required 20.00 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate. The ionic equation related to the titration is IO3-1 + 5I-1 + 6H+  ® 3I2 + 3H2O The I2 produced by the reaction between iodate ion and iodide ion is related stoichiometrically to thiosulfate ion as follows I2 + 2S2O32-  ® S4O62- + 2I-1 Moles of KIO3 (0.1 Mol/dm3) in diluted solution = 0.01 mol/dm3 Moles of 0.01 mol/dm3 KIO3 in 25 cm3 of solution = 0.01 x 25 x 10-3 = 0.25 x10-3 Ratio of moles of KIO3: I2 1 : 5 So moles of I2 in solution = 5 x 1 x 0.25 x10-3 = 1.25 x10-3 Ratio of moles of I2 : S2O32- 1 : 2 Therefore moles of thiosulfate = 2 x 1 x 1.25 x10-3 = 2.50 x 10-3 20.00 cm3 of thiosulfate solution has 2.50 x 10-3 moles Therefore the concentration of thiosulfate solution = 2.50 x 10-3 x 103/20.00 = 0.125 mol/dm3 3.2 collection T value for the t- test between RIN and ROBIN is 36.83644 This value is a lot higher than the cut off value (2.31. using degrees of freedom= [n1-1] + [n2-1] = 8) at a 5% significance level. This implies that there is lot lesser than .1% chance that the 2sets of readings belong to one population or the difference is just difference is insignificant. 3.3 Calculation 25.0 cm3 of diluted Rin brand bleach solution required 27.8 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate. Moles of sodium thiosulphate= Moles of iodine, I2, were present in the conical flask after the bleach reacted with an excess of iodide ions 2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq) Moles of I2 = moles of sodium thiosulphate à · 2 Moles of I2 = 0.00348 à · 2 Moles of I2 = 0.0017 moles 1 mol of iodine is displaced by 1 mol of free chlorine. Cl 2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + I2 (aq) The free chlorine concentration, in mol dm-3, of the bleach RIN 1 mole iodine = 1 mole of free chlorine à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ´25cm3 of diluted bleach solution contains 0.0017 moles of chlorine Therefore the undiluted bleach solution of 25 cm3 would contain .017 moles Concentration of iodine in 500 cm3 of RIN bleach solution is Therefore the concentration is 0.34mol/500cm3 of RIN bleach. Therefore the concentration is 0.68mol/dm3. 25.0 cm3 of diluted Robin brand bleach solution required 23.53 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate. Moles of sodium thiosulphate= Moles of iodine, I2, were present in the conical flask after the bleach reacted with an excess of iodide ions 2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq) Moles of I2 = moles of sodium thiosulphate à · 2 Moles of I2 = 0.00294 à · 2 Moles of I2 = 0.00147 moles 1 mol of iodine is displaced by 1 mol of free chlorine. Cl 2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + I2 (aq) The free chlorine concentration, in mol dm-3, of the bleach RIN 1 mole iodine = 1 mole of free chlorine à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ´25cm3 of dilute bleach solution contains 0.00147 moles of chlorine Concentration of iodine in 500 cm3 of Robin bleach solution is Therefore the concentration is 0.294 mol/500cm3 of Robin bleach. Therefore the concentration is 0.588mol/dm3. 25.0 cm3 of diluted LOCAL brand bleach solution required 11.07 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate. Moles of sodium thiosulphate= Moles of iodine, I2, were present in the conical flask after the bleach reacted with an excess of iodide ions 2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq) Moles of I2 = moles of sodium thiosulphate à · 2 Moles of I2 = à · 2 Moles of I2 = 0.00069 moles 1 mol of iodine is displaced by 1 mol of free chlorine. Cl 2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + I2 (aq) The free chlorine concentration, in mol dm-3, of the bleach RIN 1 mole iodine = 1 mole of free chlorine à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ´25cm3 of diluted bleach solution contains 0.00069 moles of chlorine Concentration of iodine in 500 cm3 of Local bleach solution is Therefore the concentration is 0.138mol/500cm3 of RIN bleach. Therefore the concentration is 0.276mol/dm3. 3.4 analysis and interpretation Calculating the cost-effectiveness BRAND RIN ROBIN LOCAL Concentration of free chlorine (mol/dm3) 0.68 0.588 0.276 Price of 500cm3 bleach in rupees 40 33 15 Price of 1dm3 bleach (=price of 500cm3ÃÆ'-2) in rupees 80 66 30 Concentration of free chlorine per rupee spent on bleach (=concentration of free chlorine in 1dm3 bleach/price of 1 dm3 bleach) 0.0085 0.0089 0.0092 Matrix 1 It can be seen from the experiment 1 higher amounts of bleach is used to remove the stain as we move from RIN to ROBIN to the local brand. And as it can also be seen from the histogram above (graph 1) that the free chlorine concentration decreases as we move from RIN to ROBIN to the local brand it can be inferred that higher the concentration lesser is the amount of bleach required. How so ever the amount of free chlorine required is nearly the same 4. Conclusion: 4.1 Results The free chlorine concentration per rupee spent is maximum of local brand bleach. Therefore the local bleach is most cost-effective bleach. The local brand bleach over takes other branded bleaches like RIN and Robin which are very famous in Indian market. There is a very small difference between each of them when we calculate the concentration of free chlorine per rupee spent. But when we see the concentration of free chlorine in rin and robin they are quite higher then local brand. Local brand has very less moles of sodium hypochlorite per dm3 of the bleach. So the volume required to remove a stain by local brand bleach would be quite large then the volume required of rin or robin brand bleach. This can give a wrong impression that the other brands are better or more efficient at removing stain. But we know that it isnt so. Only if higher amounts of the local brands were used the same stain would take lesser money to be removed. This proves the Indian mentality. Resolved questions Is the amount of sodium thiosulfate used proportional to the amount of free chlorine atoms- Yes very much. It can be inferred by comparing graph 1 (or matrix 1) and graph 2 Does the concentration of sodium hypochlorite affect the effectiveness of the bleach- Higher the concentration of sodium hypochlorite more is the effectiveness of the bleach. Inferred from graph 1 (or matrix 1) and table 1 Checking the Indian mentality- It depends on the amount of bleach used. But it can easily be inferred that the local brand is a lot more cost efficient Deriving the cost effectiveness of different brands of bleach Hypothesis 1 and 2 were confirmed to be true via experimentation while the other two hypotheses (namely 3 and 4) are proved to be wrong. Evaluation Weaknesses It isnt very easy to note down the point of the end of the titration. Accuracy can tend to pose a problem The distil water can have other salts present Improvements Colorimetry should be used for knowing the end point More accurate burettes can be used Ultra pure water should be used rather than distilled water 4.2 Extension The other method should be used. A more number of brands should be used. Other active ingredients should be tested for. Biologically active organisms like bacterias should also be considered. The activity of the other active substances should be tested. 5. BIBLOGRAPHY: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach http://www.ozonesolutions.com/Ozone_Color_Removal.html http://www.care2.com/grrenliving/chlorine-in-household-cleaners.html# http://dhs.wi.gov/eh/ChemFS/fs/chlorine.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite Field, Simon Q (2006). Ingredients Bleach. Science Toys. http://sci-toys.com/ingredients/bleach.html. Retrieved 2006-03-02. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach http://www.practicalchemistry.org/experiments/estimation-of-the-concentration-of-household-bleach,253,EX.html Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, volume 59, issue 8, pages 1168, 1170 www.cerlabs.com/experiments/10875404162.pdf Other Sources Referred: Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level May/June 2006 paper http://science.jrank.org/pages/6243/Sodium-Hypochlorite.html http://www.howstuffworks.com/question189.htm http://www.factsaboutbleach.com/ Handbook of detergents, Volume 5 By Uri Tsoler, Guy Broze. Pages 621-627

An Introduction to Qualitative Analysis Essay

Procedure Part I – Qualitative Analysis of Group 2 Elements Mix 0.02M K2CrO4 with each Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2 and Ba(NO3)2 together. Secondly, mix 0.1M (NH4)2C2O4 instead of 0.02M K2CrO4 together with the same reactants used before. Thirdly, mix 0.1M Na2SO4 with those reactants. Then, mix 0.1M NaOH with the same reactants used before again. Some precipitates should forms ,record the observations in Table 1. At last, identify those two unknown solution. Part II- Qualitative Analysis of Selected Anions First mix 1M HNO3 with each Na2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl and NaI together. Repeat these steps by placing 0.1M Ba(NO3)2 instead of 1M HNO3. Then mix 1M HNO3 for the reactants that formed precipitates. Repeat the first step by placing 0.1M AgNO3 instead of 1M HNO3. Then add 6M NH3 to those mixtures that contains precipitates in, and 1M HNO3 the mixtures contains precipitates . Using these observation, identify an unknown union. Recording all the observations in Table 2. 3. State the identity of your unknown (along with its sample number). Give the reasoning you used to arrive at this conclusion. The Unknown Z should be SO42- because it has a same property as SO42- does. When SO42- is added to Ba(No3)2, and AgNo3, it forms a ppt; for the unknown anion, when it is added to Ba(No3)2, and AgNo3, it forms a ppt as well. When HNO3 is added to BaSO4, the ppt disappeared; for the unknown anion, when HNO3 is added to unknown, the ppt disappeared too, therefore we can conclude that the unknown is SO42-. Follow-Up Questions: 1. Devise a sequence of reactions to follow (using filtering or centrifuging where necessary to remove precipitates) to identify an unknown containing two or more cations of Group 2 elements. The Group 2 elements are Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. To identify an unknown containing two or more cations of Group 2 elements, first add CrO4 into the solution. Then we could identify them with their colour. Next we add C2O4, if the ppt is formed, then we know Ca2+ is involved in the solution. Next we add OH into the solution, if a ppt formed, that means Mg2+ is involved in the solution. 2.Devise a sequence of reaction to follow (using filtering or centrifuging where necessary to remove precipitates)to identify an unknown consisting of two or more of two or more of the anions tested in Part 2. The anions are CO32-,SO42-,Cl-,I-.To identify an unknown consisting of two or more anions in Part 2.First add HNO3 into solution. Then we could identify them with the observations. Then we add Ba(NO3)2,if ppt formed, then we know that CO32-is involved in the solution. Next we add HNO3 into the solution, if ppt formed, that means SO42- is involved I the solution. 3. Why are the reagents used to test for cations usually alkali metal salts or ammonium salts rather than salts of other metals? The reagents used to test for cations usually alkali metal salt or ammonium salts rather than salts of other metals because the alkali metal is soluble with most anions. It won’t form a ppt with other anions. These reagents will prevent any side reaction from occurring in the solution. 4. Why are the reagents used to test for anions usually a nitrate of the  cation that is reacting rather than other salts of that cation? The reagents used to test for anions usually a nitrate of the cation that is reacting rather than other salts of that cation because the nitrate is soluble with almost every cation. 5.For fast and accurate identification of substances, major research or testing laboratories now use very sophisticated (and expensive )equipment. Find out the name of one of the instruments now used for analysis, and briefly describe its method of operation. Use glass pane. When we do the lab, we make a table on the paper, then put the glass pane on the paper sheet. After that, we only drop one or two drops of each chemical. On the glass pane. It’s easier to observe the color of ppt because the glass is transparent and it’s also a economic way. Conclusion: In this lab, we carry out precipitation test of four cations and four anions, and use the observations to identify two unknowns. First we mix Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ with K2CrO4, and observed that Sr2+ and Ba2+ forms a ppt. Then when we mix (NH4)2C2O4 instead of K2CrO4, we observed that all of the cations forms a ppt except for Mg2+. Next, we did the same thing by using Na2SO4 and NaOH instead of (NH4)2C2O4 . Lastly, we examined unknown B and found that it has the same chemical properties with Ca2+. So we conclude that the unknown substance should be Ca2+. In part II, we mix CO32-, SO42-, Cl-, and I- with HNO3 to each of the test tube and notice no ppt formed. Secondly, we mix Ba(NO3)2 instead of HNO3 with the anions, and we observed that CO32- and SO42- forms a ppt. Then we add HNO3 to the ones that formed ppt, and the ppt disappeared. Next, we mix AgNO3 instead of Ba(NO3)2 with the anions, and observed ppt formed with all of the anions except for SO42-. After that, we added HNO3 and NH3 separately to the anions and we observed no change in SO42-, but the precipitates that formed in CO32-, Cl-, and I- disappeared. And there is a ppt formed when NH3 is added to SO42-, and the other ones’ precipitates turns to a lighter ppt. By  using these observations, we found out the unknown ion contains the same chemical properties as SO42-. And if two ions are soluble to each other, there will be no ppt formed. If two ions are not soluble to each other, there will be a ppt formed.

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SOC101-53: PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY LECTURE SUMMER 2013 OUTLINE – 8 WEEKS LOCATION: ONLINE LECTURE HOURS/CREDITS: 3/3 Nancy Reeves, Adjunct Instructor nreeves@gccnj.edu College Center: B-142 (856) 468-5000 ext. 6423 Office Hours: By Appointment Only It is the responsibility of the student to review the Online Syllabus at: http://www.gccnj.edu/academics/liberal_arts/syllabi.cfm. Additional information provided includes Core Competencies, Student Learning Outcomes, Topical Outlines and Grading Rubrics. CATALOG DESCRIPTION Prerequisite: RDG099 – Introduction to College Reading III This is a study of the basic concepts of sociology applied to modern society, and the use of the scientific methods in sociology, analysis†¦show more content†¦ethnocentrism | |Compare and contrast key sociological concepts |Identify key components which create culture | |Compare social analysis vs. social reform |Distinguish among different levels of culture in U.S. history | |Identify key components of sociological research |Analyze the interplay between culture and

What Is pH and What Does It Measure

pH is a logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution pH -log[H] where log is the base 10 logarithm and [H] is the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter pH describes how acidic or basic an aqueous solution is, where a pH below 7 is acidic and a pH greater than 7 is basic. pH of 7 is considered neutral (e.g., pure water). Typically, values of pH range from 0 to 14, although very strong acids may have a negative pH, while very strong bases may have a pH exceeding 14. The term pH was first described by Danish biochemist SÃ ¸ren Peter Lauritz SÃ ¸rensen in 1909. pH is an abbreviation for power of hydrogen where p is short for the German word for power, potenz and H is the element symbol for hydrogen. Why pH Measurements Are Important Chemicals reactions in water are affected by the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. This is important not only in the chemistry lab, but in industry, cooking, and medicine. pH is carefully regulated in human cells and blood. The normal pH range for blood is between 7.35 and 7.45. Variation by even a tenth of a pH unit may be fatal. Soil pH is important for crop germination and growth. Acid rain caused by natural and man-made pollutants changes the acidity of soil and water, greatly affecting living organisms and other processes. In cooking, pH changes are used in baking and brewing. Since many reactions in everyday life are affected by pH, its useful to know how to calculate and measure it. How pH Is Measured There are multiple methods of measuring pH. The most common method is a pH meter, which involves a pH-sensitive electrode (usually made of glass) and a reference electrode.Acid-base indicators change color in response to different pH values. Litmus paper and pH paper are used for quick, relatively imprecise measurements. These are strips of paper that have been treated with an indicator.A colorimeter may be used to measure the pH of a sample. A vial is filled with a specimen and a reagent is added to produce a pH-dependent color change. The color is compared against a chart or standard to determine the pH value. Problems Measuring Extreme pH Extremely acidic and basic solutions may be encountered in laboratory situations. Mining is another example of a situation that may produce unusually acidic aqueous solutions. Special techniques must be used to measure extreme pH values below 2.5 and above around 10.5 because the Nernst law isnt accurate under these conditions when glass electrodes are used. Ionic strength variation affects electrode potentials. Special electrodes may be used, otherwise, its important to remember pH measurements wont be as accurate as those taken in ordinary solutions.